基础语法
现在时
一般时态
- 动词+s(es) 三单
- 动词 其他
进行时态
i am you/we/they are she/he/it is
- be助动词变位+动词现在分词
现在完成
i/you/we/they have she/he/it has
- have助动词变位+动词过去分词
现在完成进行
i/you/we/they have she/he/it has
- have助动词变位+been+动词现在分词
过去时
过去一般
- 动词动词过去式
过去进行
i/she/he/it was you/we/they were
- be助动词变位+动词现在分词
过去完成
had
- be助动词变位+动词过去分词
过去完成进行
had
- have助动词变位+been+动词现在分词
将来
将来一般
- will+动词原型
将来进行
- will+be+动词现在分词
将来完成
- will+have+动词过去分词
将来完成进行
- will+have+been动词现在分词
过去将来
过去将来一般
- would+动词原形
- 或者be动词变位+going+to i/she/he/it was you,they were
过去将来进行
- would+be+动词现在分词
过去将来完成
- would+have+动词过去分词
过去将来完成进行
- would+have+been+动词现在分词
变疑问句
一般疑问句(Yes/No Questions)
对于含有助动词(如be动词、do、does、did、will、would等)的陈述句,将助动词提到主语之前。 如果陈述句中没有助动词,则需要在主语前添加助动词do/does/did 过去时态用did,一般和将来时态主语非三单用do、三单用does,并将原句中的实义动词变为原形。 句号改为问号。 She is a teacher. Is she a teacher?
They play tennis every Sunday. Do they play tennis every Sunday?
He did his homework last night. Did he do his homework last night?
特殊疑问句(Wh- Questions)
使用特殊疑问词(如what、where、when、why、who、whom、whose、how等)开头,后面跟一般疑问句的形式。 I have a book. What do you have?
She went to the park. Where did she go?
They will arrive at 9 o'clock. When will they arrive?
He is happy because he passed the exam. Why is he happy?
在转换过程中,注意保持时态、语态和主语的一致性。 如果陈述句中有情态动词(如can、could、may、might、must等),则将情态动词提到主语之前。 对于“there be”句型,将be动词提到there之前形成疑问句。
There is a cat under the table. Is there a cat under the table?
He can swim very well. Can he swim very well?
语气
1.陈述-描述现实
就普通的一般现在时句子
2.祈使-命令、请求
- 用第二人称你,使用一般现在时态
- 去掉“你”,并保证动词原型
例如You don't eat it => Don't eat it
例如You are quiet => Be(使用原型) quiet
3.虚拟语气
1.表示和现在/事实相反的事情
条件句中动词虚拟语气用过去式,主句使用 would + 动词原型
if i knew it, i would tell you
如果动词是be,要用were(不分人称)
if i were you,i would eat the apple
2.和将来事实相反(可能性很小)
条件句中should+动词原型,主句使用 would + 动词原型
if i should see the rabbit, i would kill it
should 和would能用其他词语替换
3.和过去事实相反
条件句中had + 动词过去分词,主句使用 would have+动词过去分词
If I had eaten apples before, I would not have felt hungry. 也可以替换为could “I could not have felt hungry”更侧重于表达在那种条件下,你不可能会感到饿,强调的是一种不可能性。 “I would not have felt hungry”则更侧重于表达在那种条件下,你不会感到饿,强调的是一种假设的结果或预期的情况。
4.希望,请求,建议,命令
1.对现在的愿望/与现在相反的
wish + 动词过去式 如果动词是be 则都使用were
I wish i were a rabbit
2.对过去的愿望/与过去相反的
(wish+had / would have) +动词过去分词
I wish i had eaten an apple
对于“would have”的这种情况,条件句通常需要使用过去完成时
If I had had the chance, I would have eaten an apple
在条件从句中,“had had” 是过去完成时的虚拟语气;在结果从句中,“would have eaten” 是过去将来完成时的虚拟语气
- 第一个“had”:这是虚拟条件句中的条件状语从句的助动词。在虚拟条件句中,如果描述的是与过去事实相反的情况,条件状语从句的谓语部分需要使用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)。这里的“had”就是过去完成时的助动词,用于引导条件状语从句,并表明这个条件是与过去某个时间点的事实相反的。
- 第二个“had”:这是过去完成时的构成部分之一,与过去分词“had”一起构成了过去完成时的谓语。在这个句子中,过去分词“had”实际上是形容词“have”的过去分词形式,但在这里它与助动词“had”结合,表示“拥有”这个动作的过去完成时。所以,“had had the chance”整体表示“(在过去某个时间点)已经有机会了”。
- 综合起来,句子“If I had had the chance”的意思是“如果我当时有机会的话”。
“would have”单独使用时并不能直接表达对过去的愿望,它必须结合条件句(如“If I had had the chance”)一起使用,或者在上下文中隐含了某种假设条件。
3.对将来的愿望/与将来相反的
wish + (could/would/might)+动词原型
would rather 宁愿
i would rather that you didn't eat the apple 我宁愿你不吃苹果
that引导一个从句,that无实义,后面跟的是一个一般过去时的否定句,之所以表达的是“我宁愿你不吃苹果”的意思,是因为它使用了虚拟语气来表达对现在或将来行为的希望或建议,而不是对过去事实的否定。
i would rather that you had not eaten the apple 我宁愿你没吃苹果
i would rather that you didn't eat the apple
这句话是虚拟语气,表达一种对当前或未来情况的假设或愿望。具体来说,"didn't eat" 是一种假设,即说话者希望对方现在或将来不要吃苹果,但事实上,对方可能还没吃,也可能以后会吃。这句话的愿望是:希望你不吃苹果,但并不表示对方已经吃了。
i would rather that you had not eaten the apple
这句话也是虚拟语气,表示对过去情况的不满或遗憾。"Had not eaten" 使用了过去完成时,意味着对方已经吃了苹果,而说话者对此感到遗憾或希望事情本可以不同。整体意思是:希望你当时没吃苹果,但实际上对方已经吃了。
请求/建议/命令类似的词语,should +动词原形,should 可以省略,如果是过去式(例如suggested)结构也一样
i suggest you should give me an apples
i suggest you give me an apples
非谓语动词
动词不定式
to+动词原型
如何区分to+xxx是动词不定式还是介词to+xxx 首先,to后面如果跟的the,a,my等等乱七八糟的,直接排除掉动词不定式的可能,简单一句话,就看to后跟的是不是动词原形 如果是动词原形,也不一定就是不定式,根据句子意思来判断 动词不定式: 表示“去干什么”或“为了做某事”。 介词短语: 表示地点、方向或某个对象,常用来说明“在哪里”或“对什么”。
例如i go to work 这里的to work就是介词, go的意思虽然是去,在中文中我们也会说去工作,这就导致了看似这也是一个动词短语,但实际上中文中的“去工作”是“开始工作,准备开始工作”,但英文中的go是去某个地方,移动的意思,所以,根据介词短语: 表示地点、方向或某个对象,常用来说明“在哪里”或“对什么”。来看,这里的to work 是去工作地点,所以是个介词短语而不是动词不定式 而i want to work ,我想去工作,这里的to work 就是动词不定式
1.不定式作主语
to make a beautiful car is hard for me
也可以将to+动词挪到后面 使用It来代替
It is hard for me to make a beautiful car
说一般用it开头的这种,避免头重脚轻
2.不定式作宾语
The rabbit likes eat to carrots
也可以使用it来替代
I consider it important to eat an apple every day
3.不定式作宾语补语
the rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot
to eat a carrot 补充说明兔子希望狼要干啥
一些使役动词要省略to 例如see,find,watch,have,make,let等
I watch you eat a carrot
4.不定式作主语补语
The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world
或者To eat every kind of carrot in the world is The rabbit's dream
5.不定式作定语
The rabbit has lot of carrots to eat
6.不定式作状语
1.表原因
I was surprised to get a car
2.表目的
I will do anything to get a car
3.表结果
I bought a car to drive
高级不定式
to + 动词原型(状态) 表达状态,但是不受时间限制
to be eating a carrot
to have eaten a carrot
to have bean eating a carrot
The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot
这只兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜(的过程中)
动名词
动词原型+ing 有的也会重复末位字母
动名词作主语
Carrot are healthy for the rabbit => Eating carrot are healthy for the rabbit
胡萝卜对兔子健康 => 吃胡萝卜对兔子健康
动名词作主语补语(表语)
The rabbit's hobby is growing carrots
兔子的爱好是种胡萝卜
动名词作定语
a sleeping pill sleeping作定语,说明药品pill的用途 => a pill for sleeping
动名词作宾语
The rabbit likes eating carrots
和不定式作宾语和动名词做宾语的 The rabbit likes to eat carrots 主要意思相同,在语义上,虽然都表示兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜,但不定式短语to eat可能更强调动作本身或动作的可能性,而现在分词短语 eating 则更强调动作的持续性或频繁性。
且,有些情况下不能使用不定式短语作宾语,例如当谓语为
- enjoys
- avoid
- advise
- consider
- escape
- mind
- practice
- insist on
- give up
- feel like
- put off
- ......
介词+宾语
使用动名词
The rabbit is fond of eating carrots of 是个介词 不能换成eat 语法规定
The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again. 兔子着期待再次见到狼
look forward to 是个动词短语,这里的to seeing 不要理解为动词不定式的那个to see 而且动词不定式后面跟的是动词原型,不是现在分词
动词不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
The rabbit stopped to eat a carrot
The rabbit stopped eating a carrot
stop to do 表示停下手中的事情,去做另一件事情
stop doing 表示停止正在做的某事 那么这两句话就是
兔子停下(手中的事情)去吃一根胡萝卜
兔子停止吃一根胡萝卜
The wolf forgot to invite the rabbit to her party.
The rabbit forgot accepting the wolf's invitation
forget to do 表示忘记去做
forget doing 表示忘记做过了
狼忘记邀请兔子来参加她的派对
兔子忘记了接受狼过的邀请 (但是已经接受了,忘了
现在分词
1.作为定语
a sleeping rabbit 这里sleeping相当于一个形容词,用来形容兔子的状态 但并不包含时间,不代表正在睡觉
2.作为表语(主语补语)
a rabbit is charming 兔子是有魅力的
The story is interesting 故事是有趣的
3.作宾语补足语
The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot 狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜 作宾补
和动词不定式作宾语补语的区别
The wolf saw the rabbit eat a carrot 因为是使役动词see 所以省略 to 狼之前看到兔子吃了根胡萝卜
现在分词作宾补时表示动作正在进行,强调动作进行的状态
动词不定式作宾补时表示动作从始至终的过程,强调动作已经发生了
4.作状语
表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的、方式、伴随情况等等
Hearing the news,the rabbit became excited 听到这个消息,兔子很激动 相当于时间状语从句 When he heard the news,the rabbit became excited
Not knowing what to eat,the rabbit skipped lunch. 不知道吃什么,兔子没吃午饭 相当于原因状语从句 Because he didn't know what to eat,the rabbit skipped lunch.
过去分词
和现在分词一样,不包含时间状态
过去分词常见结构为动词原型+ed
一般可以当做形容词,放在名词之前
a minced carrot 一根绞过的胡萝卜
a painted room 一个粉刷过的房间
an excited rabbit 一只兴奋的兔子
但如果过去分词短语作定语,则要放到被修饰的名词之后
1.作定语
the cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious 主语(the cake)+ 过去分词短语作后置定语(eaten by the rabbit)+ 系动词(is)+ 表语(delicious)。整个句子的意思是“被兔子吃掉的蛋糕很美味”。 这里的eaten by the rabbit并不是被动语态,不要改为 the cake was eaten by the rabbit is delicious, 首先这导致一个句中出现两个谓语,这是不对的,这里的eaten by the rabbit是作为定语修饰cake,并不是被动语态
2.作补语(表语)
The rabbit is interested in growing carrots
be interested in 固定搭配,对...感兴趣
和现在分词作表语的区别
The story is interesting 故事很有趣 暗含的意思是故事让人感到有兴趣
The rabbit is interested 兔子很有兴趣 描述的是动作的接收者,也就是兔子感到有兴趣,是对其他的事情感到有兴趣
The rabbit was frightened 兔子受到了惊吓
The rabbit was frightening. 兔子让人感到害怕
3.作宾补
复杂及物动词后跟宾语和宾补,过去分词也可以作宾补
The rabbit found his carrot stolen. 兔子发现它的胡萝卜被偷了
4.作状语
表地点
Seen from the hill,the carrot field looks beautiful.
表原因
Bornin a rabbit family,the rabbit has been growing carrot all his life
表条件
Given another chance,the rabbit would go to the wolf's party
和现在分词作状语的区别 Seeing from the hill, we can see the whole city Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. 主语关系:“Seeing from the hill”中的现在分词“seeing”与句子的主语(或逻辑主语)之间存在主动关系,即主语是执行“看”这个动作的人或物。而“Seen from the hill”中的过去分词“seen”与句子的主语(或逻辑主语)之间存在被动关系,即主语是被看的对象。 强调重点:“Seeing from the hill”更强调观看的动作和过程,而“Seen from the hill”更强调被观察的状态和结果。 Seeing the carrot field, the rabbit ran towards it.
还有一种
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
这种描述的是The work ,而不是描述后面的句子
相当于并列句 The work was finished, and/so the rabbit went home.
或从句After the work was finished, the rabbit went home.
这种一个简单句除去核心谓语动词外,其他动词转换为对应的过去/现在分词的用法,称为独立主格
独立主格
Because the wolf invited him,the rabbit decided to go to the party 因为狼邀请了兔子,所以兔子决定去参加聚会
非谓语动词作独立主格后
The wolf inviting him,the rabbit decided to go to the party 意思一样,使用过去还是现在要看这个邀请是谁发出的
If weather permits,the rabbit will go out, 如果天气允许,兔子就会出门 The weather permitting,the rabbit will go out
助动词
-
辅助主动词
-
不能像主动词那样单独做谓语动词
1.基本助动词
- be
- do
- have
去看上面基础语法
2.情态助动词
- can/cloud
- may/might
- will/would
- shall/should
- must
- ought to
- dare/dared
- need
- used to
这些词作情态助动词时是有实际含义的,但是不能单独做谓语动词
-
can 有能力,会,可以 时态只有过去和现在时,表将来用be able to,be able to 也可以表现在和以前
I can kill a rabbit
I could have killed a rabbit last year
Can/Could i borrow your book? could没有时间上的含义,只是更礼貌,更委婉
-
may 也许,大概,可能 may的可能性小于can
may /might i borrow your book?
还可以表示祝愿,通常放在句首
May you succeed 祝你成功
-
must 必须
You must finish your homework first 你必须先完成你的作业
Your must not (mustn't) smoke here 你禁止在此吸烟 must not 必须不 must not 只有禁止的含义
还可以表示推测
must be 必须;一定是;准是 The light is on,The rabbit must be at home 灯亮着,兔子一定在家
-
will/would 构成将来时态 去看语法
表示建议,请求
will you lend me that book? 你愿意借给我那本书吗、
Would you please lend me that book 请你借给我那本书好吗
表示推测
Ask him. He will/would kown. 问他,他可能知道 would表示推测程度比will更弱
-
shall 可以构成将来时
I will be there at 9AM => I shall be there at 9AM 我早上9点会在那里。
表示征求或意见
Shall we meet at 9AM? 我们早上9点见面如何?
表示警告,命令
you shall not pass
-
should shall的将来时 表应当
you should take it 你应该拿着
表示有一定根据的推测
It should rain tomorrow 明天应该会下雨 可能性比较大
表示“竟然”
It surprising that he should be late. 让人惊讶,他竟然会迟到
虚拟语气 一般出现在条件状语从句中
If it should rain tomorrow, i wouldn't go.如果明天下雨,我就不去了
-
ought to 表应该,语气比should更强一些 you ought to take it
-
need 实义动词表“需要”
The rabbit needs to wait 这是非谓语动词的动词不定式 The rabbit does not need to wait 兔子不用等待
-
dare 实义动词(敢,挑战,冒险)情态动词(敢)
一般用于否定句和疑问居中
The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf 兔子不敢告诉狼真相
-
used to 表示过去的动作,尤其是重复的动作 强调和现在的对比
The rabbit used to eat apples, now he only eats carrots. 兔子过去吃苹果,现在他只吃胡萝卜
3.半动词
-
be able to 和can对比 可以表示将来的能力
I'll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.
如果我现在离开就能按时到学校
而表达过去的能力时,通常表示成功做成某事
I was able to reach school on time because I left home early
因为我走的很早所以能按时到校
-
be going to
有更强的主观能动性,含有计划做某事的意思,而且通常是很快就要做的事情
I'm going to eat dinner at 6PM today。
I will eat dinner at 6PM today
-
be about to
马上就要做,比going 更快
-
be to 被命令做某事
you are to finish homework first, 你要先做完作业
也可以表示命中注定
I think they're to fall in love with each other .
-
had better 最好做... 忠告,警告之意
you had better follow my orders 你最好听我的命令
had better缩写为'd better
使役动词
像eat,like,在后面加个宾语就可以表达完整意思,而例如make,就不光需要添加宾语,而且还需要添加宾语补语
例如 I make you happy
1.make
隐藏含义是 轻微强迫或需要某人做某事
1.动词原型/裸不定式
I make the wolf eat carrots 我让狼吃胡萝卜 这个eat是非谓语动词,属于动词不定式,只不过前面没有加to
2.形容词
The carrot made the wolf full 胡萝卜让狼饱了 这里的宾补就是形容词
2.let
隐藏含义 允许某人做某事 (但不绝对)
1.动词原型/裸不定式
i'll let the wolf eat some chocolate 我会让狼吃点巧克力
2.副词
Let me out 副词作宾补
3.have
1.动词原型/裸不定式
隐藏含义给某人一个任务/责任做某事
I'll have the wolf wash the dishes 我会让狼洗盘子(我把洗盘子的任务给了狼
2.过去分词
I had someone wash my car 我让某人洗了我的车 ,只知道某人帮我完成了任务,这里某人可以省略
I had my car washed
I had someone do my nails. 我让人做了指甲
I had my nails done.
有时have+宾语+过去分词也表达遭遇不幸
I had my carrot stolen yesterday
4.get
1.不定式
做使役动词的隐含意义是说服/鼓励..做..
I'll get the wolf to clean the kitchen get的宾语后要接完整的不定式,即带to的
2.过去分词
I got my nails done 和 I had my nails done 基本没有区别
从句
1.形容词从句
因为在句中充当定语的成分所以也称为定语从句
The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought that是个关系词 后面的i bought 是对carrot的补充说明
兔子正在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜
这个that可以分为关系副词和关系代词
1.关系代词
The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought
that作为that i bought 的引导词,这里作代词的作用
不光that,还有其他类型,如:
The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought. 兔子正在吃我买的胡萝卜。
The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit. 吃胡萝卜的老师是一只兔子。
The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit. 最喜欢吃胡萝卜的老师是一只兔子。
The food which the teacher likes is a carrot. 老师喜欢的食物是胡萝卜。
The teacher whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit. 我昨天见到的那位老师是一只兔子。
除去开头的关系代词作引导词,其他词语的顺序和陈述时一样的
只需要把需要替代的词变作相应的关系代词 再把关系代词移到开头,就构成了从句
动作接受者用whom 发起者用who
| 陈述句 | 变作相应关系代词 | 关系代词移动开头 |
|---|---|---|
| I bought the carrot | I bought that | that I bought |
| the rabbit ate a carrot | who ate a carrot | who ate a carrot |
| I saw the teacher yesterday | I saw whom yesterday | whom I saw yesterday |
| the teacher's favorite food is carrot | whose favorite food is carrot | whose favorite food is carrot |
| the teacher likes **the food ** | the teacher likes which | which the teacher likes |
而关系代词which和that经常可以互换
The food which the teacher likes is a carrot.可以替换为The food that the teacher likes is a carrot.
从句前面的叫先行词,如果先行词是唯一的:that,如果先行词多选一:which
The rabbit ate the largest carrot that i've ever seen 兔子吃了我见过的最大的胡萝卜,这句中,the largest 已经说了最大的了,所以只有一个,用that
或:
all the rabbits that ate a carrot 所有吃了胡萝卜的兔子
the only rabbit that ate a carrot 唯一吃了胡萝卜的兔子
the first rabbit that ate a carrot 第一个吃了胡萝卜的兔子
这些都明确表明了对象,只有“一个”用that
而
the rabbit ate a carrot which I bought 则可以使用which或that,世界上很多胡萝卜,吃的是哪一根?而后面的定语从句限定了,I bought的
2.关系副词
This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot. 这是兔子吃胡萝卜的地方。
This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot. 这是兔子吃胡萝卜的理由。
That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time. 那天,兔子第一次吃胡萝卜。
和上文一样,但这些引导词不是代词,而是副词,属于关系词中的关系副词
也可以把这些关系副词转换为关系代词 介词+which
This was the place at which the rabbit ate the carrot. 这是兔子吃胡萝卜的地方。
This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot. 这是兔子吃胡萝卜的理由。
That was the day on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time. 这天兔子第一次吃胡萝卜
3.限定性和非限定性
The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table 兔子吃了桌子上的胡萝卜
这里的从句 which was on the table 限定了carrot的范围/性质,世界上有很多carrot,它吃的那个呢?on the table的
而这样的形容词从句属于限定性形容词从句
而非限定性从句,例如
The rabbit ate the carrot ,(有个逗号) which was on the table ,兔子吃了胡萝卜,它(胡萝卜)之前在桌子上
相当于The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table. 这样的从句就没有限定的作用,只不过用个代词,继续说
1.非限定性从句作插入语
My head,which is big,is useful when it rains. 我的头很大,下雨的时候很有用。
The biggest carrot,which the rabbit ate,was on the table. 最大的那根胡萝卜被兔子吃了,它曾在桌子上
而上面的两个从句,都可以直接去掉,而不影响句意,因为这俩从句只是补充信息
但不能改为 The biggest carrot which the rabbit ate was on the table, 没有逗号的,因为The biggest 已经确定了唯一的,最大的carrot,不能再使用多选一的which了,要使用that
除了补充某个先行词,还可以代指整句话
the rabbit ate the carrot,which was not surprising 兔子吃了胡萝卜,这并不奇怪
这个句子中的“which was not surprising”是一个非限制性定语从句,它提供了关于前面主句“The rabbit ate the carrot”的额外信息,但这个信息并不是主句所必需的。非限制性定语从句通常由“which”、“who”或“whom”引导(在指人的情况下),并且它们前面通常有一个逗号与主句隔开。
2.名词从句
1.主语从句
The fact is obvious 事实是明显的 The fact 作为改句子的主语, 我们只需要使用从句替换The fact,就构成了一个主语从句
That the rabbit ate carrtos is obvious 兔子吃胡萝卜,这是明显的。 That作为一个引导词,表示后面的一段是一个从句
主语之后可以替换为其他构成,比如
名词 That the rabbit ate carrtos is a secret 兔子吃胡萝卜是个秘密
被动语态 That the rabbit ate carrots was discuessed 兔子吃胡萝卜的事被讨论了
不及物动词 That the rabbit ate carrots happened 兔子吃胡萝卜的事发生了
而从句中的表达的信息是明确的,对于不确定的,将That替换为如下 例如
| 中文 | 英文 |
|---|---|
| 兔子是否吃了胡萝卜是明显的 | Whether the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious |
| 兔子哪里吃的胡萝卜是明显的 | Where the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious |
| 兔子什么时候吃的胡萝卜是明显的 | When the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious |
| 兔子怎样吃的胡萝卜是明显的 | How the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious |
| 谁吃的胡萝卜是明显的 | Who ate the rabbit is obvious |
| 兔子吃的什么是明显的 | What the rabbit ate is obvious |
主语从句要使用引导词开头, 剩下的词序和中文是基本一致的
而有些情况,当主语从句内容很长,导致说了半天才知道想表达的主要意思,会将从句放到后面
It is obvious That the rabbit ate the carrot
使用it来指代后面的从句,同理Whether,Where....都如此
2.宾语从句
1.确定信息
I saw That the rabbit ate a carrot 这就是一个宾语从句,作动词saw的直接宾语
2.不确定信息
同理
I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot. I saw who ate the carrot. I saw what the rabbit ate. I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot. I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot. I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot.
除了某些介词参与的情况,从句的引导词基本都在开头
口语或非正式书面语中 that通常可以省略,其他的不行,什么whether,who等等,例如
I saw the rabbit ate a carrot
但有些情况不能省略,例如
I didn't know that the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it. 我不知道兔子吃了胡萝卜,也不知道你看到了。
这句话是两个宾语,I didn't know (that) the rabbit ate the carrot ,和 i didn't know (that) you saw it
但省略了that就可以变成 (I didn't know the rabbit ate the carrot) and (you saw it) 我不知道兔子吃了胡萝卜,你看到了
还有插入语也不能省略
I konw, just like you do, that the rabbit ate a carrot 我知道,就像你一样,兔子吃了胡萝卜。
3.某些词后的宾语从句的否定
例如 I think (that) the rabbit is smart. 我认为这只兔子聪明
作否定时,通常加在谓语动词之前,如 I don't think (that) the rabbit is smart
- “我认为这只兔子不聪明。”
- “我不认为这只兔子聪明。”
文心一言说这俩翻译都行
4.主从时态一致
在大多数情况下,宾语从句和主句中的时态要保持一致
I don't think (that) you're right 这俩都是现在时态
I didn't think (that) you were right 这俩都是过去时态
I knew (that) the rabbit liked carrots 都是过去
只有不变的,客观现象才是例外
I knew (that) the sun rises in the east
5.be+形容词+that
i am sure that there's a carrot on the table
3.表语从句
The problem is that the rabbit is hungry.
The reason is that there's no more carrot.
The question is whether the rabbit is hungry.
The question is what the rabbit should eat.
The question is where/when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot.
主体和主语从句相同
That The rabbit ate a carrot is a secret => The secret is that rabbit ate a carrot 主要意思相同,就是侧重点有点不同
而非be动词的系动词
It seems that the rabbit is hungry
It feels that you're not telling the truth
这些句子中的it是个形式主语,没有意义
4.同位语从句
The fact **that the rabbit ate the carrot ** did not surprise me.
兔子吃了胡萝卜的事实并没有让我吃惊,这里fact和that the rabbit ate the carrot 说的是一个事情,两种方式说而已
而对于未知信息的同位语如下
the question whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds
兔子是否会吃胡萝卜这个问题萦绕在我们脑海,同上,question,whether the rabbit will eat the carrot 也是同位语从句
I have no idea who ate the carrot ,这里idea和who ate the carrot 也是
5.宾语补语从句
对于复杂及物动词,call,make....
you can call me Jame me是宾语,Jame是宾补(使用名称充当)
you can call me what you want 你可以随意称呼我 同理
My education made me who I am today. 我的教育造就了今天的我
3.副词从句
也叫状语从句
1.表时间
1.在某一时间点之前
从句引导词before
The rabbit ate a carrot at home before he left 兔子在离开家之前吃了一根胡萝卜
也可以换为
Before he left , The rabbit ate a carrot at home
2.在某一时间点中
引导词 when,while,as
The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home 当我到家的时候,兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜
The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was coming home 我回家的过程中,兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜
I ate an apple as I made the note 我一边吃苹果一边记笔记2.表地点
when 表示在某个时间点,while表示在某个时间段, as 表示同时
3.在某一时间之后
引导词 after
The rabbit ate a carrot at the park after he left his home 兔子他离开家后,在公园吃了一根胡萝卜
4.从之前某一时间点开始算
引导词 since
The man is not happy any more since he grew up 这个男人从他长大后就不在开心了
5.直到之后某一时间点
引导词 until
The rabbit waited until the wolf came 兔子一直等到狼来
6.一...就....
引导词 as sonn as
The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves. 狼一走兔子就吃一个胡萝卜
7.下次...
引导词 the next time
The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf comes
下次狼来的时候兔子会分享最大的胡萝卜
2.表地点
引导词 where+强调形式
The rabbit ate a carrot where he found it 兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它
这种和上面形容词从句中的副词从句 This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.的区别在于
The rabbit ate a carrot where he found it 是直接说明地点
而 This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot 的从句修饰的是place,修饰了一个已经交代了的,但并没有明确说明的地点
当看到where并不能直接确定句型,需要看其他信息,例如下面句子
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it 引导地点副词(状语)从句
The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it 引导定语(形容词)从句
This is where he found the carrot. 引导表语从句
Where he found the carrot is a secret. 引导主语从句
“强调形式” 可以下列单词
wherever 不管哪里
everywhere 任何地方
anywhere 所有地方
The rabbit will go where he can find a carrot. 兔子会去他能找到胡萝卜的地方
The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot. 不管哪里,兔子会去到他能找到胡萝卜的地方 / 兔子会去任何能找到胡萝卜的地方。
这两句话很相似,只不过wherever强调了“不管”哪里
I will go wherever you tell me to go 我会去任何你让我去的地方
The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes. 兔子所到之处都能看到胡萝卜。 强调所有地方
The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes. 兔子可以在任何他喜欢的地方吃胡萝卜。 强调任何地方
3.表条件
1.if
If the rabbit sees a carrot,he will eat it和 the rabbit will eat a carrot if he sees it 表达意思一样
上句中条件句(从句)使用的是一般现在时,而主句使用的是将来时态 是 “主将从现”
但并不是所有句子都如此
之所以条件句使用一般现在时,是因为这个条件是假设的,不能确定一定在将来发生,所以使用一般现在时,来描述一个普通的状态
而主句是建立在条件句的情况下,所以使用将来时态
条件句总是在时态上落后于主句一个时间段,例如
If i saw a carrot, i would eat it. 如果我(现在或将来)看到一个胡萝卜,我就会吃掉它
If I had seen a carrot, I would have eaten it. 如果我(过去)看到了一个胡萝卜,我就会已经吃掉它了
条件句的动词过去式并不表达时间,是表达与现实相反的条件
2.unless
Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up. 除非你喜欢这个视频,否则你不会给它点赞 / 如果你不喜欢这个视频,那你就不会给它点赞
表示了一个条件关系:如果不满足某个条件(即不喜欢视频),那么就不会发生某个结果(即不会点赞)。
3.其他
provided
provided that my video is nice,you will like it 如果我的视频好看,你会喜欢上它的
对应that 是一个从句引导词,而if和unless不用因为if和unless本身就带有引导的功能,而上文的provided that 也可以替换为if,if更通用,provided带有一些正式
as long as 这个也带引导功能
As long as I make excellent videos,you will remain my follower 只要我制作出优秀的视频,你就会一直关注我
in case 这个也带引导功能 ,反正没加的都带引导功能
In case you don't understand,please call me 如果你不明白,给我打电话 这个也能替换为if
4.表让步
1.即使/就算.....也.....
假设的情况
Even if I see a carrot,I will not eat it 即使我看到一根胡萝卜,我也不会吃它
和if比较
If I see a carrot,I will not eat it 如果我看到一根胡萝卜,我不会吃它
2.尽管/虽然
事实的情况
Although I see a carrot,I will not eat it 尽管/虽然我看到了一根胡萝卜,但我不会吃它
Although 可以替换为though/even though,但不要按照中文的思维,尽管/虽然....但.... 给主句前加个but
3.no matter + 疑问句
对于未知情况, 不管如何.....
No matter what happens,I will not eat the carrot 不管发生了什么,我都不会吃胡萝卜
No matter who orders me ,I will not eat the carrot 不管谁命令我,我都不会吃胡萝卜
No matter How hungry I am ,I will not eat the carrot 不管我多饿,我都不会吃胡萝卜
no matter 也可以使用regardless of替换
5.表方式
as, as if, as though 都表示“好像”的意思
I feel good as if I had just eaten a carrot. 我感觉很好,就像我刚吃一个胡萝卜一样
这里的假设,是一个与事实相反的情况,我刚才根本没吃胡萝卜
和条件副词从句,虚拟语气表达意思类似,如下
If i had eaten a carrot,i would have felt good. 如果我吃了一个胡萝卜,我会感觉很好
这俩区别在于,I feel good as if I had just eaten a carrot. 是我现在感觉挺好,而If i had eaten a carrot,i would have felt good. 是假设我吃过胡萝卜后感觉才会好
也可以进行事实的阐述
Eat the carrot as I do. 像我一样吃胡萝卜
Leave the carrot as it is(短语,保持原样/不要改变). 别动胡萝卜
the way
跟the way 后 in which 通常省略
you spend money the way (in which) millionaires do 你像百万富翁那样花钱
Eat the carrot the way (in which) I eat it. 像我一样吃胡萝卜
6.表比较
smart 聪明 smarter 更聪明
big 大 bigger 更大
beautiful 漂亮 more beautiful 更漂亮
He is smarter than me. 他比我更聪明 省略或口语话表达
He is smarter than I am. 他比我更聪明
This carrot is bigger than that one. 这根胡萝卜比那根更大 省略或口语话表达
This carrot is bigger than that one. is
She is more beautiful than Sonw White 她比白雪公主更漂亮 省略或口语话表达
She is more beautiful than Sonw White is
同级的
as...as 同样得
i am 也可以省略、口语话替换为me,下面俩可以省略、口语话删除is
He is as smart as I am [me]. 他和我一样聪明。
This carrot is as big as that one [is]. 这根胡萝卜和那根一样大。
She is as beautiful as Snow White [is]. 她和白雪公主一样漂亮。
越....越...
the(比较级) the(比较级)
The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.
你越练习英语,你就越流畅
7.表原因
The rabbit ate a carrot because he was hungry 兔子吃了一根胡萝卜,因为他饿了
因为主句描述的是过去的事情(ate) 所以后面使用was,需要注意别像中文思维加个so 因为...所以...
也可以使用since和as
Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot. 既然你饿了,你可以吃胡萝卜
As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you. 因为你之前不在这,所以吃胡萝卜就没带你
区别1,在因果/语气
Because>since>as
Because 引出的是实实在在的因果关系
Because this video is excellent, you should give it a thumbs-up 因为这个视频很棒,你应该点个赞
since 引出的是大家都知道的情况
Since all my videos are excellent, you should give this video a thumbs-up. 既然我所有的视频都很棒,你应该对这段视频竖起大拇指。
as 引出的是显而易见的事实
As I have thick skin, I'm begging you for a thumbs-up. 因为我脸皮厚,所以我求你给我点个赞
区别2 语序
从句(Because引导)+主句 或 主句+从句(because引导)
而since和as一般只能放到主句之前
because和for
for也可以表示一定的因果关系
You must really like me,for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up 你一定喜欢我,因为你给我所有视频都点赞了
但for构成的不是原样状语从句,for这里构成的是复合句,for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up 这句不是从句,前句和后句是有同等地位的句子,前句表示推测,后句补充推测的原因
和because比较
Because you must really like me,you have given all my videos a thumbs-up 因为你喜欢我,所以你给我所有视频都点赞了
也就是说for是根据结果推测原因,而because是陈述事实
8.表目的
通常由In order that 或 so that引导
in time 短语,及时
In order that I could finish the video in time,I pulled an all-nighter. 为了及时完成视频,我彻夜未眠
或
I pulled an all-nighter in order that I could finish the video in time
这两句话意思相同的
也可使用so that
I pulled an all-nighter so that i could finish the video in time
但注意,so that不能放到开头
目的副词从句中,通常使用情态动词can,could,may,might,should,would等
9.表结果
结果副词从句,也可以使用so that构成
I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon. 我中午吃了很多胡萝卜,所以下午一点也不饿
The temperature was low so that the lake froze. 气温很低,所以湖面结冰了
和目的副词从句的区别在于,目的副词从句是表达目的,然后怎么这么做了,而结果副词从句是先说明了结果,再说“所以因为啥啥啥”
而也可以使用so....that 来表达结果
I ate so many carrots for lunch that I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon. 我吃了很多胡萝卜,导致下午一点也不饿,
在英语中想要表达“吃了很多某物”时,通常不会说“so a lot of”,而是直接说“so many”(针对可数名词复数)或“so much”(针对不可数名词)
such.....that
不过such后面接的是名词,而不是形容词
It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once. 这个胡萝卜太好吃了,我一下就吃光了
而这句话如果要使用so...that,如下
It was so tasty a carrot that I ate it all at once. 因为so后只能接形容词,所以需要改成这样
冠词
不定冠词
使用a还是an就看后街单词的开头是元音还是辅音
a rabbit an apple
泛指
不定冠词的最主要的用法是泛指某一个人/物
I saw a rabbit
A rabbit is smarter than a wolf 兔子比狼聪明,而不是说一只兔子比一只狼聪明 ,这里A rabbit和a wolf 都是泛指两类动物
表示数字1
I give you a hundred carrot 我给了你100个胡萝卜
相当于
I give you one hundred carrot 我给了你100个胡萝卜
表示每
I eat 10 carrots a day. 我每天吃10个胡萝卜
相当于
I eat 10 carrot every day
主谓一致
不定冠词能影响主语的单复数,从而影响句意
a teacher and video creator 一个老师和视频创作者 指一个人
a teacher and a video creator 一个老师和一个视频创作者 指两个人
固定表达
have a good time 玩的开心
as a result 因此,结果
in a hurry 匆忙地
all of a sudden 突然
定冠词
特指
表示某个或某些特点的人或物
再次提到的人或物
I saw a rabbit, The rabbit was fast.
之所以用was
“I saw a rabbit”和“The rabbit is fast”可以连起来形成一个带有转折或对比意味的段落,但需要注意句子之间的连接词和标点符号。如果您想表达“我看到了一只兔子,这只兔子跑得很快”的意思,可以这样写:
"I saw a rabbit. The rabbit is fast."
或者,如果您想强调两者之间的直接关联,可以使用连接词“and”来连接两个句子(但这里“is”需要变为“was”,以保持时态的一致性,因为“saw”是过去式):
"I saw a rabbit, and the rabbit was fast."
但请注意,由于“saw”是过去式,所以描述兔子跑得快的句子也应该使用过去式,除非您是在描述一个普遍真理或事实(即兔子通常跑得很快),并且想要将两个句子分开作为两个独立的事实来陈述。在大多数情况下,为了保持时态的一致性,我们会选择第一种表述方式,即使用两个独立的句子,并分别使用正确的时态。
用在序数词和形容词最高级前
The first rabbit first已经特指序列中第一个了
The biggest carrot 最大的胡萝卜 同理
独一无二的名词前
The sun The moon The earth The Great Wall
泛指
I like playing the piano. 我喜欢弹钢琴 泛指弹钢琴这件事
I like playing a piano 我喜欢弹钢琴 指弹一架钢琴的动作
play the guitar 弹吉他 play the violin 拉小提琴 play the flute 吹笛子
The computer has changed our way of life 泛指 电脑改变了我们的生活方式
在形容词前
the + 形容词指代一类人
the rich 有钱人 the poor 穷人
固定表达
all the time 一直,总是
by the way 顺便
out of the question 不可能,没门
零冠词
泛指
rabbits are smart 兔子是聪明的
Computers have changed our way of life
对于不可数名词,直接用就是泛指
Water is important 水是重要的
We breathe air 我们呼吸空气
泛指概念
Summer is hot,Winter is cold, 夏天热,冬天冷 表示季节这一概念
I want to play football. 我想踢足球,泛指足球运动
in spring 在春天 in August 在八月 on Monday 在周一 on National Day 在国庆节
专有名词
Jame
固定表达
form time to time 不时地
face to face 面对面地
out of question 毫无疑问
介词
构成
简单介词
in 在..里 to 朝...... with 和.....
短语介词
短语介词依然是介词,不能独立表达完整意思
by way of 通过....方式
at the end of 在...最后
along with 和....一起
because of 因为....
previous to ......之前
合成介词
into 到...之内 onto 到...之上 within 在....之内 notwithstanding 尽管....
分词介词
通过动词的分词充当
includeing 包括.... regarding 关于..../至于... considering 鉴于...../考虑到.... given 考虑到..../如果.....
常用
表示空间
in 在...里面 表示在一个空间的内部
in the house in the park in the country
on 在...上面
on the table on the floor
at 在某处 表示地点时指一个确定的“点”
at the corner of the street 在街道拐角
The bus stopped at the bus station 公交车在车站停下了
over 表示覆盖、在...上方、越过上空,可能与物体接触,也可能不接触,如果接触一般表示覆盖、全部盖住的意思
The mother put a blanket over the child 妈妈把毛毯盖到孩子身上
The bridge over the river 在河上的桥
The lamp over the table 在桌上的灯
The plane flew over the mountain.飞机飞越了那座山。
The rabbit climbed over the fence. 兔子爬过栅栏。
above 在....上面 高于平面
the sky above us 在我们上方的天空
on/over/above区别
on 在..上面 over 在..上方,越过上空 above 在...上方(高于平面)
on 表示物体与物体有接触
There is a carrot on the table 桌子上有一根胡萝卜
over和above在描述不接触的上方时,over表示更加正上方,除此之外,over可以表达动态,而above不行
The rabbit jumped over the table 兔子跳过了桌子,但是不能替换为above
under 在...下方
There is ball under the desk 书桌下有个球
below 在...下方
The rabbit dived below the surface of the water. 兔子潜入水面以下。
under 表示物体直接可以有接触,也可以没有,指某物的正下方,含垂直在下方的意思
below 表示低于某个平面,可以在正下方,也可以不是
near 在...附近/在...周边
near the hospital 在医院附近
by/beside 作空间介词时,都表示在...旁边,通常可以互换
There is a hotel by/beside the river.
next to 靠近,紧挨着
the building next to the school 学校旁边的那栋楼
near 表示附近,往往有些距离,by/beside/next to 都表示比较接近 往往可互换
beside可以引申出非空间的含义的和...比较
My carrot looks bigger beside yours
next to 强调的是“下一个,紧接着”的相邻
across (从表面)横过 一般指从表明穿过 和on那个表面相似
go across the street 穿过马路
swim across the river 游过河
through (从内部)穿过 一般指从内部穿过,与in内部相似
go through the tunnel 穿过隧道
walk through the forest 走过丛林
look through the window 透过窗户看
past 经过、路过
i walk past you 我从你身边走过
in front of 在..前方
The rabbit is standing in front of the wolf 兔子站在狼前面
before 在...之前 和in front of 都翻译为在...之前,但一般不用做空间介词,除非表达在众人前/观众前
She played the violin before the crowd. 她在人群前拉小提琴
behind 在..之后
The wolf is standing behind the rabbit. 狼站在兔子后面。
between 在..之间
一般会和and一起用,between .... and ...
The carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf
You shouldn't eat between meals. 你不该在正餐之间吃东西. 也可比较多个之间,这不三顿饭吗
among 在..之前 一般指 在三者或更多人、物之前
The rabbit is standing among the carrots.
round/around 围绕,环绕 两者作介词意思相近,可互换
trees round/around the field 环绕田地四周的树
around the world 全世界
along 沿着、顺着
walk along the road 沿着这条路一直走
to 朝、向
go to school 去学校
toward/towards 朝着...方向跟to在词语上意思相近
walk toward home 朝家走
onto 到...上面
The rabbit jumped onto the table. 兔子跳到桌子上。
into 到...里面
walk into the house 走进屋子
out of 从里面出来
get out of the car 从车里出来
opposite 在...对面
Our school is opposite my house 我们学校在我家对面
against 与...相反,倚,靠
We were rowing against the current. 我们逆水行舟
The rabbit was leaning against the tree. 兔子正靠在树上。
up 沿...向上
up the hill 上山
up the river 沿河流而上
down 沿...向下
walk down the road 沿着路走下去
off 离...有一定距离
表示时间
in>on>at 时间范围
in
in 2025在2025 in winter在冬天 in Deecember在12月
on 一般表示具体某一天
on Monday在周一 on Christmas Day 在圣诞节
at 表示非常确定的时间点
at 6 o'clock在六点 at noon中午 at sunset在太阳落山时 at dawn 在黎明 at (the age of)6 在六岁时
during持续/在....期间
during the past 2 days 在过去的两天里
during the past 2 weeks 在过去的两周里
for 因为.../因为...持续
I‘ve been learning English for 2 years 我已经学习英语两年了
since 自从
since last week 自从上周来
before 在...之前
before Monday 星期一前 before 2024 在2024年之前
**after ** 在..之后
after two years 两年之后
from..to... 从...到....
from 9 to 10 从九点到10点
by 不迟于...前
by 2 o'clock 在两点之前 by tomorrow 在明天之前
by和before 都表示在...之前,by更强调在....之前
until 直到...为止
until 8 o'clock 直到8点为止
表示方式
in 使用某种方式,比如使用某种语言
Let's talk in English 让我们用英语对话
through 通过某种方式
We succeed through hard work 我们通过努力工作获得成功
by 通过某种方式
We learn English by watching videos 我们通过视频学习英语
I go to work by car 我开车去上班
with 用....;和....一起 with后一般加具体的有型工具
We write with pens. 我们使用钢笔写字
on
We talked on the phone 我们通过电话进行了交谈
表示原因
for 因为...;由于....
This rabbit is famous for being able to speak. 这只兔子因为会说话而闻名。
with ...是和....分不开的原因
The rabbit is shaking with cold 兔子冷得发抖
because of 因为...
The rabbit didn't go out because of the rain 因为下雨了,所以兔子没出门
due to owing to on account of
这三个都表示因为,由于的意思
The rabbit didn't go out due to / owing to / on account of the rain.
表示关于的介词
about 关于
Could you tell me something about your school? 你能告诉我一些关于你学校的事吗?
of
think about 想起了关于....的事 think of 想起
He thought of something important. 他想到了一件重要的事。
on
Would you like some advice on learning English? 你想听听学习英语的建议吗?
表示数值
at
at a high price 在一个高价格(点)
at a fast rate 在一个很快的速率(点)
by 之后可以接某种度量标准
They get paid by the hour. 他们按小时计酬。
for 以...的价钱
I bought there books for 100 Yuan
表示状态
in 表示在某个状态中
in progress 在进行(状态)中
in a dilemma 处于进退两难的境地中
on
on a diet 在节食
on drugs 吃药
at 在某处、在某个状态
at work 在工作 at dinner 在吃晚饭
under 在框架/前提下
under construction 在施工中
under discussion 在讨论中
表示排除
besides 除了...还...
I like many things besides carrots. 除了胡萝卜我还喜欢很多东西
except 除了
Everyone went to the party except the rabbit. 除了兔子,其他人都去参加了聚会。
except of 除了 用法和except 相似,但往往用于对之前的内容进行反驳
The party is great except for the loud music. 除了吵闹的音乐,聚会很精彩。
介词短语
就是介词加上一个宾语,这个宾语可以是名,代,数,形容,副词
in the room in it the age of 20 in general from here
这就是一个介词短语,而介词短语可以充当各种句子成分
介词短语作主语
Between 10 and 11 is good time for me 10点到11点对我来说是个好时机
介词短语作表语
The meeting is at 2 o'clock. 会议在两点钟
介词短语作定语
This is the key to the house 这是房子的钥匙
介词短语作宾补
I found the carrot in good condition. 我发现胡萝卜保存良好
而最常见的是充当状语,用来修饰动词,描述动作的时间,地点,方式....
The rabbit ate a carrot at noon. 中午兔子吃了一根胡萝卜
The rabbit is eating a carrot **in the kitchen **兔子正在厨房里吃胡萝卜
The rabbit likes traveling by car. 兔子喜欢开车旅行。
主谓一致
语法一致
让句子的谓语动词在形式上和主语的单复数保持一致
单数主语/复数主语
Time is money 时间是金钱
Carrots are delicious 胡萝卜好吃
可数名词复数 + 谓语动词复数
不可数名词 + 谓语动词单数
A number of carrots have been eaten. 已经吃了很多胡萝卜。
A lot of carrot juice has been sold. 胡萝卜汁卖了很多。
非谓语动词作主语时,也相当单数名词
不定式
To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit. 每天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处
动名词
Eating carrots is healthy. 吃胡萝卜健康
一般and连接不同的名词作主语都会使用复数谓语动词,但不全都是,
The rabbit and the wolf are at the party 兔子和狼在聚会上
假象主语
有些主语看着像复数,但实际是单数,反之亦然
这句as well as other animals 其实可以看做是对The rabbit 的补充信息
The rabbit as well as other animals gets a carrot. 兔子和其他动物都得到了一根胡萝卜
同理 except the wolf 视作对All the animals 的补充信息
All the animals except the wolf get the carrots. 除了狼,所有的动物都得到了胡萝卜。
不定代词作主语
谓语动词要和不定代词背后的概念保持一致
Everyone gets a carrot 每个人都得到一个胡萝卜
Each of them gets a carrot. 他们每人得到一根胡萝卜。
这里主语的everyone和each表达的是每一个,是单数,后面的谓语动词要使用单数
而下面的代指就是多个
Both of them like carrots. 他俩都喜欢胡萝卜
Some of them are afraid of the wolf 他们中有些人害怕狼
而对于主语是”没有“的情况 使用单复数都可以
None of them get/gets a carrot. 他们中谁都没有得到胡萝卜
Neither of them is/are afraid of the wolf. 他们中没有人害怕狼
意义一致
如果主语意义为单数,则谓语动词用单数,反之亦然
同一个主语,多种身份
The teacher and video creator is a rabbit. 老师兼视频创作者是一个兔子 主语是一个
The teacher and the video creator are rabbits. 这位老师和这位视频创作者都是兔子 主语就是两个
复数名词的单数意义
有些主语形式看上像复数,但表达的意义是单数
Ten years is long time 十年是一段很长的时间 这里是把十年看做一个整体
A knife and fork is needed for eating the carrot. 一副刀叉
Bread and butter is also needed at dinner. 面包和黄油
不定代词的单复数意义
当不定代词作主语,有时需要根据具体语义来判断到底是单数主语还是复数主语
All is quiet 一切都很安静
All are quiet 大家都很安静
名词的形和意
形复意单 有些名词看着是复数,但意义却是单数
Physics is my favorite subject. 物理是我最爱的学科
形单意复
The cattle are on the hill 牛在山上
单复数同形名词 用单复数谓语动词都可
A sheep is eating grass 一只羊在吃草
The sheep are eating grass 一群羊在吃草
类似的还有 deer鹿 ,means方式,series系列,species物种,等等
集合名词 用单复数谓语动词都可
有些名词即可代表一个集合(单数意义)也可以代表集合中的所有成员(复数意义)
The rabbit's family is huge. 兔子的家庭很大
The rabbit's family are all at home. 兔子一家都在家
类似的还有army军队,audience听众,police警察,team队,组,等等
不过也有的集合名词只能 表示一个类别的事物只能用单数谓语动词
All the furniture here is expensive. 这里所有家具都很贵
还有一个用法,The+形容词,作名词主语,也可以视作集合名词、可表单数/复数意义
The young are expected to learn from the old. 年轻人应该向老年人学习
The new is going to replace the old. 新的将取代旧的
就近一致
谓语动词的单复数由最近的主语决定
or 或者...
either...or... 要么....要么....
neither.... nor... 既不...也不....
not only...but also.... 不仅...而且...
等连接两个名词或代词作主语时谓语动词和离得最近的词一致
Either you or I am going to the party.
Not only the rabbit but also many other animals like carrots.
there be
is和最近的a carrot保持一致
There is a carrot and two apples on the table. 桌子上有一根胡萝卜和两个苹果。
代词
人称
如果一个主语在上下文中不停出现,我们可以使用人称代词替换掉主语以避免啰嗦
There is a rabbit. The rabbit is white. The rabbit is eating a carrot. The rabbit looks happy.
There is a rabbit.It is white.It is eating a carrot. It looks happy.
人称代词的格
就是同样比如“我”作为主语和宾语时,要用”我“的主格和宾格
you and I 这句话作主语 you and I saw him
you and me 这句话作宾语 he saw you and me
物主
It is my carrot. 这里的my是个物主代词
The carrot is mine 这胡萝卜是我的
反身
I saw myself 代指我自己
强调
The rabbit washed himself. 兔子洗了自己 反身代词作宾语
The rabbit washed the carrots himself. 兔子自己洗了胡萝卜 强调代词,强调兔子自己洗了 在句中作状语
The rabbit will do it himself. 兔子会自己去做。
相互
We should help each other.
两者用each other,三及以上用one another
指示
This is a rabbit. 这是兔子
These are caroots. 这些是胡萝卜
That is wolf. 那是狼
Those are apples. 那些事苹果
这,这些,那,那些,这几个词就是指示代词
这,这些用于离自己近的,那,那些用于离自己远的
后面也可以加名词,This rabbit/ That rabbit/ Those rabbits.
不定
不确定数量的限定词
many/much
many rabbits. 许多兔子 可数
much water 许多水, 不可数
many 代替、修饰可数名词的复数,much 替代和修饰不可数名词
few/little
a few 肯定的意义,一些,后接可数名词复数
few 否定的意义,几乎没有
a few carrot 一些胡萝卜
few carrot 一些胡萝卜/很少胡萝卜 (几乎没有
a little 一些 后接不可数名词
little否定的意义 几乎没有
a little water 一些水
little water 一些水/很少水(几乎没有
some/any
在表示一些时,some一般用在肯定句中,any一般用在疑问和否定句中
The rabbit needs some carrots. 兔子需要一些胡萝卜
Does the rabbit need any carrots? 兔子需要一些胡萝卜吗?
The rabbit doesn't need any carrots. 兔子不需要一些胡萝卜
但如果我们希望对方肯定的回答时,使用some
Would you like some coffee?
而当any表示任何一个时,可以用在肯定句中
The rabbit can eat any carrot. 兔子可吃任何胡萝卜
each/every
表示“每”
each carrot/every carrot each表示两个及以上 every表示3个及以上
each可以做代词,单独做主语,但every不行,后面要跟名词才可以
There are many carrots. Each is big.
There are many carrots on each side of the street. 街道两边有很多胡萝卜 这里不能用every,道路只有两边
either/neither
either 两者中的每一个 (谓语用单数
neither 两者中每一个都不 (谓语用单数
Give the rabbit this or that carrot.Either is good. 给兔子这个或那个胡萝卜。两根都很好。
Don't give the rabbit this or that carrot. Neither is good. 给兔子这个或那个胡萝卜。两根都不好。
Either of the carrots is good. 两个胡萝卜都好
Neither of the carrots is good. 两个胡萝卜都不好
both/all
both是指两者都,而all是指 三者及以上都
Both of the two rabbits are cute.
All of the rabbits are cute.
当both/all作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式
other/the other/another
other另外的,其他的, 修饰名词
I like this carrot,I don't like other carrtos. 我喜欢这根胡萝卜,我不喜欢其他胡萝卜
the other 特指两者中的另一个
This carrot is bigger than the other carrot. 这根胡萝卜比另一根大
another 泛指3个、三个以上中的另一个,不确定具体的哪一个
The rabbit doesn't like this carrot. Give him another carrot. 兔子不喜欢这根胡萝卜。再给他一根胡萝卜。
one/it
The rabbit doesn't like this carrot. Give him another carrot. 兔子不喜欢这根胡萝卜。再给他一根胡萝卜。
这句中第二个carrot有些重复,可以使用one来替代
The rabbit doesn't like this carrot. Give him another one
复合不定代词 every- everyone / everybody / everything some - someone / somebody / something any - anyone / anybody / anything no - noone / nobody / nothing
everyone is here 所有人都在这
The rabbit needs something to eat 兔子需要吃点东西
Nothing can stop the rabbit from eating carrots. 没有什么能阻止兔子吃胡萝卜。
形容词修饰复合不定代词要后置
The rabbit has something important to do 兔子有些重要的事情做
The rabbit has nothing important to do 兔子有些重要的事情做
疑问
Who saw the rabbit? 谁,疑问代词,作主语
Whom did the rabbit see? 兔子看见谁了? 宾格
也可以使用who替代whom who did the rabbit see
但不是所有都可以替代,当疑问代词作介词宾语紧跟介词就必须用whom
From whom did the rabbit get the carrots.兔子从谁那得到的胡萝卜
What
What did the rabbit see? 兔子看到了什么?
which
Which is the best carrot.哪个是最好的胡萝卜
Whose
whose is this carrot. 这是谁的胡萝卜
连接
引导主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句
I don't know who you are. 我不知道你是谁。
What he said isn't true. 他说的不是真的。
The important thing is which rabbit is smarter 重要的是哪只兔子更聪明
The rabbit wants to eat whatever he likes. 兔子想吃什么就吃什么。
关系
也是从句部分
形容词
定语
前置定语
直接把形容词放到要描述的对象前面
a hungry rabbit 一只饥饿的兔子
当多个形容词(不加连词)作前置定语时,还需要考虑到顺序
顺序为限定词(冠词、物主代词)+(主观)特征+尺寸+形状+新旧+颜色+来源+材料+用途
a beautiful big round new black Chinese wooden table
后置定语
比如修饰复合不定代词时,只能放在后面
somebody nice anybody absent
形容词短语作定语
这是做表语
The rabbit is eager to eat carrots 兔子渴望吃胡萝卜
或使用定语从句替换
The rabbit that is eager to eat carrots
为什么有个is ,相当于that在从句中先代指前面的the rabbit,然后又在从句中做为主语, 抽离出来就是 the rabbit is eager to eat carrots
这是做定语
A rabbit eager to eat carrots has seen a carrot 一个渴望吃胡萝卜的兔子看到了一个胡萝卜
这是做表语
the rabbit is busy eating carrots 兔子整忙着吃胡萝卜
或用从句替换
The rabbit that is busy eating carrots
这是做定语
A rabbit busy eating carrots has seen another one 一只忙于吃胡萝卜的兔子看到了另一个胡萝卜
表语
定语
一些以a开头的形容词 alive/asleep/alone
The rabbit is alive/asleep/alone
如果想作定语,则需要替换为如下,去看上面现在分词作定语
a living/sleeping/lonely rabbit
某些情况下,这样的形容词可以做后置定语
the only rabbit alive 唯一活着的兔子
但这种情况比较少见
某些表身体状况的形容词
如果ill,well
The rabbit is ill/well
而不能说
an ill rabbit / an well rabit
如果想用定语,则需要替换为
a sick rabbit / a healthy rabbit
补语
Carrots make rabbit happy. 胡萝卜让兔子开心 happy补充说明rabbit的状态
状语
The rabbit came home,tired and hungry 形容词并列短语作状语,表达兔子回到家后的状态
形容词的构成
形容词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词
a red-hot coal 炽热的煤炭
a good-looking rabbit 一只好看的兔子
a new-born baby. 新出生的孩子
副词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词
副词也可以放在形容词前修饰形容词
all-round 全面的
hard-working 努力的
recently-built 最近建成的
形容词/数词+名词
white-haired 白发的
a white-haired man 可以替换为从句 a man whose hair is white
kind-hearted 好心的,善良的
a kind-hearted woman 可以替换为从句 a woman whose heart is kind
a one-way street 单行街道
名词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词
a snow-white rabbit 一只雪白的兔子
等于a rabbit that is white like snow
a carrot-eating rabbit 一只吃胡萝卜的兔子
等于 a rabbit that eats carrots
a heart-broken rabbit 一只心碎的兔子
a rabbit whose heart is breken
形容词的比较级和最高级
构成
一般情况下,直接在比较级后加er,在最高级后加est
long - longer - longest
tall - taller tallest
有些以e结尾的词,比较级加r,最高级加st
late - later - latest
large - larger - largest
辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变i,在加er/est
happy - happier - happiest
busy - busier - busiest
重读闭音节单词,先双写结尾辅音字母,在加er/est
big - bigger - biggest
fat - fatter - fattest
而多音节词、部分双音节词,前面加more,most
interesting - more interesting - most interesting
difficult - more difficult - most difficult
还有些形容词不规则变化
good - better - best
bad - worse - worst
many - more - most
little - less - least
用法
比较级最基本的用法就是 ...比....更....
This carrot is bigger than that one 这个胡萝卜比那根更大
This carrot is three times bigger than that one 这个胡萝卜比那根大三倍
如果要表示 ....和....一样... 句中则使用比较级原级
This carrot is as big as that one 这根胡萝卜和那根一样大
This carrot is three times as big as that one 这根胡萝卜是那根的三倍那么大 和上面的than that one 那个差不多意思
越来越....
使用比较级+and+比较级
prettier and prettier 越来越漂亮
对于more beautiful这种两个单词的,省略第一个beautiful
more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮
The rabbit is smarter and smarter 兔子越来越聪明
越(原因),就越(结果)
the+比较级(原因)+补充内容,the+比较级(结果)+补充内容,
The more carrots the rabbit eats, the smarter he will become. 兔子吃的胡萝卜越多,它就越聪明
The more food you eat,The fatter you will become 越吃越胖
上面是假设的情况,对于事实如下
The more carrots the rabbit ate, the smarter he became. 兔子吃了很多胡萝卜,它越来越聪明
有时也可以省略,全靠语境
The more,the better 越多越好
最高级用法
Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all? 魔镜魔镜告诉我,谁是世界上最美的人
在最高级前面加序数词表示 第几最...
Magic mirror on the wall, who is the second fairest one of all? 魔镜魔镜告诉我,谁是世界上第二美的人
形容词最高级在修饰名词前一般都加the
most beautiful已经限定了只有一个人,所以前面加the
Snow White is the most beautiful woman in the world 白雪公主是世界上最美的女人
但也有不是the的情况
The queen is a most(very) beautiful woman. 这里的most是说非常,相当于 very much,most可以替换为very 女王是一个非常漂亮的女人
副词
副词修饰词性
修饰动词
This is fast rabbit 这是快速的兔子 形容词修饰名词作定语
This rabbit runs fast 这种兔子跑的快 副词修饰动词作状语
修饰形容词和副词
This is very fast rabbit 这是只非常快的兔子 副词修饰形容词修饰名词
This rabbit runs very fast 这种兔子跑的非常快 副词修饰副词修饰动词
This carrot is very good 这胡萝卜很好 very修饰形容词good
I'm doing very well 我做得很好 very修饰副词well
副词修饰名词
This rabbit here runs very fast 这里的这只兔子跑的很快
here修饰的是这里的这只兔子,here修饰的是名词
副词修饰句子
Obviously,This rabbit here runs very fast 显然,这里的这只兔子跑的很快
obviously修饰的是后面整个句子
副词在句中作什么成分
状语
通常副词在句中作状语,下面高亮的都是状语
This is very fast rabbit
Obviously,This rabbit here runs very fast
表语
The wolf is abroad. 狼在国外 作表语的副词只能用在be(包括变位)系动词之后
宾语补语
Let me in 副词 补充说明let me
副词的形式
将形容词fast替换为近似意思的quick
This is quick rabbit 这是快速的兔子 形容词修饰名词
This rabbit runs quick 错误的有些词不能直接当做副词,quick不能做副词,如果想做副词,则在词尾加上ly
This rabbit runs quickly
有时为了读音需要,形容词后结尾e会被去掉 possible - possibly true - truly
She is a pretty wolf 这是只漂亮的狼
This is a pretty smart rabbit 但这句话不是这是只漂亮聪明的兔子,而是 这是只相当聪明的兔子 pretty这里做副词修饰smart,而不是做形容词修饰rabbit
在英语中,“pretty”和“smart”都可以作为形容词使用。但当它们一起出现时,通常“pretty”会作为副词来修饰另一个形容词,形成形容词短语。
如果想说这是只相当漂亮的狼,可以如下
She is a pretty pretty wolf 英语中一般不这样整,换个副词修饰形容词
She is a very pretty wolf
This is a large carrot. 这是个巨大的胡萝卜 large 的副词形式是基本上,总体上
I largely only eat carrots. 所以这句话是我基本上只吃胡萝卜,不是我只吃大的胡萝卜
副词的种类
方式副词
This rabbit runs fast 这里的fast是形容兔子怎么跑的,即跑的方式 这里的fast属于方式副词
方式副词可以位于句首,句中,句尾
Suddenly, the driver turned left. 突然,司机向左转
The driver suddenly turned left. 司机突然左转
The driver turned left suddenly. 司机突然左转
但不是所有都能这样用,例如上面的The rabbit runs fast 这个位置就不能胡搞
程度副词
This is a very fast rabbit. 副词修饰形容词fast
This rabbit runs very fast. 副词修饰副词fast,
描述了有多快,即快的程度,属于程度副词
程度副词一般位于它修饰的形容词/副词之前
地点副词
The rabbit eats carrots indoors/outdoors
这兔子在室内/室外吃胡萝卜
The rabbit eats carrots upstairs/downstairs.
兔子在楼上/楼下吃胡萝卜。
地点副词一般出现在句尾,但有时为了表达强调也会放在句首
Here you can relax and forget about all your troubles.
时间副词
The rabbit ate some carrots yestday
The rabbit is eating some carrots now
The rabbit will eat some carrots later
时间副词一般出现在句尾,但有时也位于句中/句首
The rabbit has **already **eaten some carrots
兔子已经吃了一些胡萝卜了
频率副词
大部分频率副词都位于行为之前,be动词/情态动词/助动词之后
The rabbit eats carrots every day. 免子每天都吃胡夢卜.
Sometimes, the rabbit eats carrots. 这免子有时吃胡夢卜.
The rabbit usually eats carrots. 这免子常吃胡夢卜.
The rabbit eats carrots three times a day. 兔子一天吃三次胡萝卜。
I will always love you. 这个always就是在be动词后,love行为动词之前
疑问副词
用来构成特殊疑问句的副词
如果对the rabbit eats carrots进行提问,就有下列提问方式
How does the rabbit eat carrots? 这兔子怎么吃胡夢ト? (対方式提词)
Where does the rabbit eat carrots? 这兔子在哪儿吃胡夢ト? (対地点提)
When does the rabbit eat carrots? 这兔子哈时候吃胡夢ト? (対时间提)
Why does the rabbit eat carrots? 这免子为什么吃胡夢卜? (対原因提)
连接副词
回去看从句
名词性从句中也会用到副词,这些引导名词性从句的副词属于连接副词
How the rabbit eats carrots is interesting. 这免子如何吃胡夢卜这件事很有趣.
I don't know where the rabbit eats carrots. 我不知道这兔子在哪吃胡夢卜.
That is why the rabbit eats carrots. 这就是为什么这免子吃胡夢卜.
关系副词
回去看从句
关系副词可以引导形容词性从句
This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot. 这就是免子吃掉胡夢ト的地方.
This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot. 这就是免子吃掉胡ト的原因.
That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time. 那就是免子第一次吃胡夢卜的那天.
句子副词
Obviously,This rabbit here runs very fast,这个就是句子副词,一般放在句子开头,且逗号分隔主句
连词
并列连词
连接有着 并列的,同等语法地位的 单词,词组或句子
并列关系
The rabbit is smart and cute
Both the rabbit and the wolf like carrots. 兔子和狼都喜欢胡萝卜
The rabbit not only teaches English but also makes videos. 兔子不仅教英语,还做视频
并列关系还可以表示否定
The rabbit likes neither apples nor pears. 兔子既不喜欢苹果,也不喜欢梨
Neither the rabbit nor the wolf likes apples. 兔子和狼都不喜欢苹果 这里的likes使用三单,根据wolf,就近原则
选择关系
What does the rabbit like? Apples or carrots? 兔子喜欢什么?苹果还是胡萝卜
Either the rabbit or the wolf is going to the party this evening. 今晚不是兔子就是狼要去参加聚会
这里并不是现在进行时 是使用了现在进行时态的be+going+to 来表示将来时态
“be going to”结构并不表示动作正在发生(即现在进行时),而是表示根据现有的情况、计划或安排,某个动作在未来某个时间将会发生。它传达了一种较为确定的未来计划或预期。
选择关系也可以表示否定
The rabbit neither ate nor slept yesterday. 兔子昨天即没吃,也没睡
Hurry up, or/or else/otherwise you'll be late. 快点,否则你就要迟到了
Either the rabbit or I am going to the party this evening. 今晚不是兔子就是我去参加派对 这里的谓语动词是am,也就就近原则,加上be going to,表达将来
Not only the rabbit but also his friends are going to the party this evening. 这也是就近原则
转折关系
The rabbit cooked some carrots, but/yet he didn't eat any. 兔子煮了一些胡萝卜,但是他一点都没吃,如果是yet,这里是并列连词表转折,而不是副词表还没有
I haven't eaten yet, yet I'm not hungry. 第一个yet作副词,还没,第二个yet作连词,表转折,我还没有吃饭,但是我不饿
因果关系
前因后果
The rabbit is busy,so/Therefore he won't go to the party tonight. 兔子很忙,所以今晚他不会去派对 句中可以使用Therefore替换
前果后因
The rabbit will skip lunch, for he is busy making a video. 兔子会不吃午饭,因为他正忙着做视频 for作连词时意思是因为/由于
从属连词
去看从句
被动语态
主谓
The rabbit slept 这已经是一个完整意思的句子了
主谓宾
The rabbit ate the carrot 兔子吃了胡萝卜
要想表达胡萝卜被兔子吃了,强调胡萝卜
be+动词过去分词 而动作的执行者前加by 这里was是为了和原句ate保持时态一致
The carrot was eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜被兔子吃了
如果不需要表达具体的动作执行者,则可以省略动作执行者,同样也省略by
The carrot was eaten 胡萝卜被吃了
主谓宾宾
The rabbit give the wolf the carrot 兔子给了狼胡萝卜
The rabbit give the carrot to the wolf 兔子把胡萝卜给了狼 如果直接宾语在后面,要加to、for之类的
上面的句子如果强调简介宾语the wolf
The wolf was given the carroy by the rabbit 狼被兔子给了胡萝卜
如果强调直接宾语carrot
The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit 胡萝卜被兔子给了狼
上面两句如果只强调胡萝卜和狼的关系,则可以去掉最后的by the rabbit
主谓宾宾补
The wolf invited the rabbit to her party. 狼邀请了兔子去她的派对
The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf 兔子被狼邀请去了派对
The rabbit made wolf laugh 兔子把狼逗笑了 这是动词不定式 去看非谓语动词-不定式作宾语补语
相当于The rabbit made wolf to laugh 只不过省略了to,而当修改为被动语态时,需要加上to
The wolf was made to laugh (by the rabbit)
主系表
The rabbit is smart
主系表没有被动态
其他情况
被动态和时态,语气,情态助词相结合的情况
The rabbit has eaten the carrot 兔子吃了胡萝卜
The carrot has been eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜被兔子吃了
The carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜尚未被被兔子吃
Has the carrot been eaten the carrot 胡萝卜被兔子吃了吗
这个是虚拟语气,表达和过去相反的情况,隐含意思是兔子其实没有吃胡萝卜
The rabbit would have eaten the carrot 兔子会吃掉胡萝卜的
The carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜会被兔子吃掉的
The carrot would not have been eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜不会被兔子吃掉的
Would the carrot have been eaten the rabbit 胡萝卜会被兔子吃掉吗
The rabbit might eat the carrot. 兔子可能吃胡萝卜
The carrot might be eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜可能被兔子吃
The carrot might not be eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜可能不会被兔子吃
Might the carrot be eaten by the rabbit 胡萝卜会被兔子吃吗